Capital expenditures (CapEx) and operational expenditures (OpEx) are two ways organizations categorize their business expenses. Every organization has a variety of expenses, from office rent to IT infrastructure costs to wages for their employees. To simplify accounting, they organize these costs into different categories, two of the most common being CapEx and OpEx.
Broadly, capital expenses are purchases that improve the value of the company beyond the current fiscal year. These are most often the cost of goods sold, or tangible assets that are critical for the organization’s business operations and long-term financial health such as land, buildings, machinery and vehicles, among other things. Any expense to improve or enhance the current business value of these assets — expanding the physical structure of a factory, for example—would also be considered a capital expenditure.
Operational expenditures are recurring expenses, often intangible assets, incurred to support day-to-day operations. These funds are typically spent on consumable items or contracts that will be used up and deducted from taxes at the end of the accounting period, or within the year they are purchased. Other common OpEx examples include office rent, insurance and payroll.
Organizations may follow a similar procurement process for both capital expenditures and operational expenditures, including soliciting a bid, contracting with a provider, legal review, arrangement of payment and receipt of the purchase. However, they’re treated very differently in accounting. Operational expenditures can be deducted from taxes in full the year they are incurred. Capital expenditures, on the other hand, are depreciated, meaning they must be deducted over their expected useful life. An asset purchased for $10,000, for example, might depreciate by $2000 a year over an expected five years of use.
In this blog post, we’ll explore what’s included in CapEx vs OpEx, how to calculate each, and how to create a CapEx and OpEx strategy that best fits your organization.
Understanding CapEx and OpEx
It's important to understand CapEx and OpEx because these accounting models have a big impact onIT spendingand budgets. IT and finance departments will have to determine how best to classify both on-premises and cloud costs and when it makes sense to shift IT costs from CapEx to OpEx to stretch their budgets.
CapEx purchases require a large outlay upfront, such as real estate and raw materials, but because they depreciate over the useful life of the asset, they offer some accounting predictability. CapEx projects also grant you total autonomy. Investing in your own data center, for example, gives you complete control over how it’s implemented and used, removing roadblocks when you want to modify your infrastructure to meet changing market demands.
CapEx technology purchases can be tricky, though. A large up-front investment requires you to predict your organization’s needs for the next several years. Buying physical servers is the classic conundrum — how do you decide the optimum amount of storage you will need to meet highly dynamic business workflows? Underestimate, and you’ll have to outlay more money to increase storage again. Overestimate, and you’ll have overspent on servers that aren’t being used. The rapid pace and evolving nature of the technological lifecycle can also mean a piece of hardware becomes outdated just a few months or years after it’s purchased, resulting in another large outlay of cash to replace it.
OpEx purchases, on the other hand, require smaller up-front outlays and offer long-term cost savings because you’re only paying for items you use. Cloud data storage, for example, allows you to buy storage on a monthly basis and scale up or down as your needs dictate, rather than trying to guesstimate how much capacity you will need far in the future. And because OpEx purchases usually follow a pay-as-you-go model, they enable you to keep more cash on hand and create a predictable recurring cost structure that aligns with net income.
CapEx and OpEx items are also accounted for in different budgets and have different approval processes. Because of the magnitude of most CapEx investments, they usually have to go through several cogs of management approval before they can be purchased. For most organizations, this is a slow process that can significantly delay procuring the item. By contrast, OpEx items can be procured as long as they’re consider in the operating expense budget.
Under the traditional hardware and software ownership model, the bulk ofIT infrastructure expenses, (servers, networking hardware, data center facilities, etc..) are classified as CapEx, as they’re major purchases intended to serve the organization for more than a year. But as organizations transition to as-a-service models, it makes more sense to shift many IT costs to OpEx, which allows you to spread costs out over time and bring more predictability to budgeting. Understanding the implications of these models will allow you to strategically employ them maximize your IT budget utilization.
How to Calculate CapEx and OpEx
CapEx can be calculated using your organization’s income statement and balance sheet. On the income statement, locate depreciation and amortization. On the balance sheet, locate the current period PP&E, then the prior period PP&E. Next, use the following formula to determine CapEx:
CapEx = current period PP&E – prior period PP&E + current period depreciation
This formula states that the current period PP&E equals the prior period PP&E plus new capital expenditures less depreciation.
Calculating OpEx is much more straightforward. You simply add all your operating expenditures together over a stated period of time. An example OpEx formula looks like this:
Operating expenses = rent + insurance + supplies + licensing fees + legal fees + marketing and advertising + payroll and wages + repairs and equipment maintenance + taxes + travel + utilities + vehicle expenses
CapEx can be calculated using your organization’s income statement and balance sheet. For calculating OpEx, add all your operating expenditures together over a stated period of time.
What Capital Expenditures Includes
Capital expenditures include fixed assets, such as the purchase, maintenance, and improvement of land, buildings, equipment, and other goods and services. Generally, an item can be considered a capital expenditure if it’s a one-time purchase that’s meant to benefit the organization beyond the year it’s purchased, where it will be considered an existing asset.
Some common examples of capital expenditures in IT include:
- Servers
- Network switches
- Routers
- Firewalls
- Physical plants
- Data centers
- Land for data center facilities
- Universal Power Systems
- Air conditioners
- Generators
- Computers and mobile devices
- Printers
- Software licenses
In terms of accounting, CapEx spending has both benefits and drawbacks. CapEx assets are usually types of expenses requiring significant up-front outlays that can quickly deplete IT budgets and reduce cash flow for the rest of the business. But because the asset’s useful life must extend beyond a year, its cost can be expensed by depreciation, typically over five to 10 years from its purchase date. In the case of land, depreciation can occur for 20 years or more, reducing the amount of earnings on which the organization’s taxes are based, and thus, reducing the amount owed for tax purposes. In short, the larger the depreciation expense, the lower the organization’s bill in the tax year.
What Operational Expenditures Include
Operational expenditures are ongoing costs that support the organization’s daily business activities. A hallmark of OpEx items is that they are typically used up within the year they are purchased.
Traditionally, a business’s financial statements regarding operational expenditures have included items such as:
- Rent
- Property taxes
- Insurance
- Utility and telecom bills
- Repair and maintenance costs
- Wages and salaries
- Office supplies
- Marketing and advertising costs
- Travel costs
- Contracts such as website hosting, web domain registrations, annual maintenance and service agreements
Capital expenditures include fixed assets that benefit the organization in the long term. Operational expenditures are ongoing costs that support daily business.
However, cloud computing,automationand as-a-service offerings have changed the cost model for many IT products and services, enabling them to be more readily classified as OpEx rather than CapEx. These include:
- Data storage
- SaaS (Software as a Service)
- PaaS (Platform as a Service)
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
- Managed IT services
- Managed security services
On the accounting side, OpEx purchases include pay-as-you-go items that are recorded in an organization’s profit and loss statement. Instead of depreciating like CapEx items, they are deducted from income as follows:
- Costs are assigned to your operating expense budget.
- When an OpEx purchase is made, the expense is recorded in your profit and loss statement.
- Monthly expenses are tracked and deducted from the bottom line as you incur them.
Shifting IT expenses from CapEx to OpEx brings greater flexibility and predictability to budgeting. It also allows you to deduct the full costs of these items from your taxes in the year they are purchased, which generally improves the business’s profit margin. But whilemoving to the cloudis often touted for its cost savings, it’s more accurate to say it helps control costs. You may ultimately spend more outsourcing your data center than operating your own, for example, but you pay for the solution with smaller expenditures over time instead of up front.
Is depreciation a CapEx or OpEx?
Depreciation is an accounting method used to allocate the cost of CapEx items over their useful life. A CapEx purchase is considered an investment, as it is a high-value item that fulfills a long-term need, and the organization assumes it will pay for itself in the long run. Because the item will be used for many years, it must be depreciated over its useful life rather than deducted from taxes all at once. The depreciation rate varies across assets and is determined based on the type and use of the asset. Buildings, for example, can be used for decades so they depreciate more slowly than equipment such as a server, which may have a lifespan of only a few years.
Benefits and Challenges of CapEx and OpEx
CapEx offers several benefits to organizations, including:
- Stability:You know your exact costs for a CapEx purchase. Both the initial cost of the item and how it will depreciate over time are certain.
- Autonomy:Purchasing hardware and software outright gives you complete control of how you implement and use it, allowing you to modify your infrastructure as your needs or the market changes.
- Continuity:Investing in your own equipment removes many of the roadblocks you may encounter when subscribing to cloud-based IT services. When you purchase your own servers, for example, you don’t need to deal with license renewals as you would if you procured them on an OpEx basis.
- Long-term value:CapEx items are investments that fill needs and provide value for the business for years to come.
CapEx also comes with several risks, including:
- Buying more than you need:In trying to account for future needs, there’s always the risk you’ll buy more capacity than you’ll ultimately use, or invest in technology that becomes outdated before you get a return on your investment.
- Getting locked in with a vendor:Investing in your own hardware can create business dependencies on vendors that handcuff you when you need to adapt your infrastructure to changing demands or if the vendor doesn’t follow through on its promises.
- Incurring high maintenance costs:Ownership requires greater resources to manage your facilities and equipment. That means paying people to watch over these assets, either by reallocating existing staff from more business-critical activities or hiring additional staff, either of which eats into profits.
- Sacrificing agility: Long-term IT commitments can limit your ability to adopt newer, better technologies and approaches. Investing large amounts of money, time and manpower in CapEx assets may make you reluctant to change, even when the market demands it, putting you at a disadvantage against more agile competitors.
OpEx offers many benefits to organizations, including:
- Less risk:Purchasing IT resources and services, as OpEx expenses introduce less risk than CapEx purchases. If technology advances and the market evolves, your budget can change accordingly. Also, if you’re not satisfied with the vendor, you have the ability to pivot to one that better meets your needs without being locked into that IT infrastructure.
- Reduced maintenance costs:The vendor takes care of all the basic network and equipment maintenance, allowing you to allocate your staff to other activities that improve your products and increase your profits.
- Shorter lead times:On-demand services can shorten product deployment lead times from months and years to days and hours, resulting in more satisfied customers and workers.
- More adaptable architecture:Subscription IT models enable you to reconfigure an architecture or service easily and quickly if it isn’t working for you. Similarly, when a project is completed or aborted, you can delete the supporting architecture that’s no longer needed without paying for resources you don’t need.
- Greater budget flexibility:Pay-as-you-go services and other IT operational expenditures leave more free cash flow for other needs.
OpEx also comes with a few challenges, including:
- Less control:When you procure IT services, you are relinquishing control of the hardware, operating system software and maintenance to the provider. While the advantages generally outweigh the risks, you may encounter trouble if the vendor can’t meet your agreements, has a service outage or goes out of business.
- Increased costs:In some cases, adoptingcloud servicesmay increase costs compared to ownership, though that fact may be obscured because you’re paying for the solution with smaller expenditures over a longer period.
- Complicated forecasting:While there are considerable financial benefits to pay-as-you-go models, they can complicate long-term forecasting for an organization if its usage fluctuates drastically from month to month.
- Less perceived value:The impermanence of cloud IT solutions may be regarded negatively by managers who don’t consider them to have the same value to the organization as CapEx investments.
Creating a Strategy for Your Organization
To determine the best way to employ CapEx and OpEx strategies in your organization, start by considering the following questions:
- Does your organization currently have an IT CapEx/OpEx policy?
- Is CapEx or OpEx more likely to get approval in your organizational culture?
- What can your organization afford?
- What’s your organization’s 10-year plan?
- How much can your organization invest in IT right now?
- How much is a service you are considering going to cost over the next decade, and how does that compare to purchasing what you need over the same span?
Ultimately, many organizations choose a hybrid IT approach, combining their on-premises data center with various cloud technologies. This provides the flexibility to purchase some equipment as CapEx investments while strategically contracting with services under an OpEx model when it makes sense.
What is the future of CapEx and OpEx in the enterprise?
In the future, organizations will increasingly adopt an OpEx approach to IT expenditure. The flexibility and agility that OpEx resources provide is critical in IT as modern businesses rely more and more on cloud solutions. OpEx also solves many of the problems businesses have long struggled with when investing in private infrastructure. While the traditional IT ownership model may not disappear, it’s likely the current script will eventually flip, and CapEx purchases will be made more strategically while OpEx procurement will become the norm.
The Bottom Line: Understanding CapEx and OpEx is the key to budget flexibility
Today, many IT products and services can be procured as either CapEx or OpEx, giving organizations more options than ever. While either approach can benefit your organization, it’s important to understand the tradeoffs so you can determine which models should be applied to the various areas of your business to create the best outcome.
